Back in the “Good Ole Days,” a favorite question to cooks and chefs was, “so what’s your specialty?” Regional cuisine was what most people were exposed to and developed a comfort handling those products. Cuisine, as we became to know it was basically the products that were indiginious to a specific region of the world. These products were cooked using the 15 or so basic cooking techniques. This is what made up the various Cuisines. If you were from Southern Italy then your specialty was applying these cooking techniques to the products that were found in your area. With the globalization of today’s markets the Cuisine borders have been elimenated. We can get products from all over the world at any given time. What hasn’t changed is the techniques that we use on these products. The following list will shed some light on the differences of these techniques.
Just remember, it doesn’t matter if your sauteing in China, France or Romania its still sauteing! Use the right product with the right technique and you’ll get the results your looking for.
LIFE’S SHORT…EAT WELL
COOKING METHOD GLOSSARY
SAUTÉING Literally meaning “to jump” – To quickly cook commonly cut ingredients over high heat, using a minimum amount of oil. These pieces of food are generally smaller cuts and the whiter meats and fish are lightly coated with flour before cooking. This coating protects the flesh and locks in the moisture. Only the most tender cuts of meat are used for sautéing. Tougher vegetables that are sautéed should be blanched before hand.
PAN FRYING Medium or small sized items cooked in hot oil. These items are generally coated with flour, or a breading of sorts. The item to be pan fried is placed in the hot oil that will cover at least half the item. The temperature of the oil will range from very hot (400°F) to medium (325°F) depending on the size of the item to be fried. Generally, the smaller the piece the higher the temperature. Larger pieces of meat or fish that are pan fried might be finished in an oven. Items that have been pan fried should be removed to absorbent paper upon completion. This will assist in removing some of the excess oil.
ROASTING A cooking process that is done by means of dry heat, generally in an oven. The initial temperature to be somewhat high (375°F or above) to seal in the juices. The remainder of the cooking time should be set at a lower temperature (350°F or below) to reduce shrinkage and retain moisture. Roasting is usually done with large, tender cuts of meat and fish.
PAN ROASTING The same process as roasting, but deals with smaller cuts of fish and meat. This is done in a smaller pan, usually started on the stove and finished in the oven.
BROILING Open flame cookery, with the heat source coming from above. Usually items that are broiled are of the tender variety. Items to be broiled are generally basted with a cooking medium (butter, oil or sauce) and are placed in a pan or some other holding devise.
GRILLING The same as broiling but the heat source is from the bottom.
POACHING To simmer gently, usually in a flavored liquid, example, court boullion. Items to be poached must be similar in size, to ensure uniform doneness. Items to be poached must be completely submerged in the cooking liquid. Poaching can be done on a stove top or covered and placed in an oven.
BRAISING Items that are cooked by two different cooking methods first – a dry heat, either by roasting, or quick searing in a pan then – slowly, finishing in a flavored cooking liquid, that generally will be used as a sauce garnish when completed. Items to be braised are the tougher cuts of meat. This is a slow, longer cooking process, breaking down the tough tissue and fibers associated with these cuts of meat (shoulder, neck, shanks and portions of the legs). The exception would be for fish. Common items that are braised are; stews, pot roasts, ragouts, fricassee and blanquettes. Chile and Bolognaise (meat & tomato sauce) is also a form of braising!
STEAMING The process of engaging items with hot vapors of liquid, sometimes flavored liquid. Items can be suspended over vapors or placed in a sealed container with the cooking liquid. Steaming is a very nutritious method of cooking in that you don’t have to use any oils or fats. Vitamins and minerals are trapped in the item from the force of the steam.
DEEP FRYING Items are to be cooked in hot oil, (350° to 400°F). These items are to be submerged in the hot oil, which will quickly seal the item and lock in the internal juices. Fried items are to be dry and generally coated with a coating of crumbs or other dry ingredients. When frying, you should fry in small batches. This will allow the oil to remain hot. If you cook too many items at the same time, the temperature of the oil will drop and the items will absorb the oil, rendering them very greasy. When the oil begins to foam it is time to replace it with fresh oil. This is a sign that the oil has broken down and can no longer maintain the high temperature needed to lock in the flavors and juices of your product. When items are finished they should be removed to absorbent paper to remove the excess oil. Items to be breaded should be done at the last minute, so they won’t get soggy.
POELÉ Literally means to be cooked in its own juices. Items are cooked at a low temperature for a long period of time. Common items are; veal shoulder, capon, pheasant, grouse and quail. These are delicate items but, they can be on the tougher side; therefore, cooking them for a longer period of time would benefit the final results without overpowering their flavors.
STIR FRYING This is an Oriental technique that uses a single wok, over very high heat.Small amounts of fat or oils are used when stir frying. Products are cut into uniform size, this is to ensure even cooking doneness. Basically tender cuts of fish and meat are stir fried. Vegetables that are stir fried generally need to be blanched ahead of time.
BLANCHING A technique generally used to prepare items to be finished with another cooking technique; fried, stir fried, sautéed or grilled. It is a partial cooking of a product. You can blanch by poaching, steaming, grilling or frying, as long as you only cook the item partially. Items to be blanched would be green vegetables, french fries, sausages, etc.
ROTISSERIE The roasting method by means of direct fire or heat. Cooking over an open flame is a form of a rotisserie. Items need to be rotated over or around the heat source, in order to evenly disperse the cooking. Generally whole or larger cuts of fish and meat are cooked on a rotisserie. Sometimes it is necessary to add additional fat to certain items such as game, or fowl. This can be done by either larding or barding with beef or pork fat. Large pieces of fish can also be done on a rotisserie. In the good old days, cooking over the camp fire was the application of rotisserie cooking.
CONFIT is a generic term for various kinds of food that have been immersed in a substance for both flavor and preservation. Sealed and stored in a cool place, confit can last for several months. Confit is one of the oldest ways to preserve food, and is a speciality of southwestern France. Confit of goose and duck are usually prepared from the legs of the bird. The meat is salted with herbs, and slowly cooked submerged in its own rendered fat, in which it is then preserved by allowing it to cool and storing it in the fat. Turkey and pork may be treated similarly.<
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